The++Congress+of+Vienna

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Tyler Fields- 11Tfields@gmail.com Colin Borum- __cborum06@comcast.net__ 11cborum@gmail.com Connor Corkrin- ccorkrin@verizon.net 10ccorkrin@gmail.com

__Congress of Vienna__ The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states, chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von  Metternich , and held in Vienna  from September 1814 to June 9, 1815. Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars , and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The immediate background was France's defeat and surrender in May, 1814, which brought an end to twenty-five years of almost continuous war. The negotiations continued despite a final outburst of fighting triggered by ex-Emperor Napoleons dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days in March-July, 1815. The Congress's "Final Act" was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Participants  1. **The UK** was represented firstly by its  Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh then by the Duke of Wellington, after Castlereagh's return to England in February 1815; and in the last weeks, by the Earl of Clancarty, after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days. 2. **Prussia** was represented by Prince  Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt. 3. **Austria** was represented by  Prince Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Wessenberg. 4. **Russia**'s official delegation was led by the foreign minister  Count Nesselrode but Tsar Alexander I acted on his own behalf for the most part. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">5. **France** was represented by its foreign minister, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> Talleyrand. 1.**Spain** – Marquis of Labrador 2.**Portugal** – Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Count of Palmela; António Saldanha da Gama; Joaquim Lobo da Silveira 3.**Sweden** and Norway – Count Carl Löwenhielm 4.The **Netherlands** – Earl of Clancarty , the British Ambassador at the Dutch court 5.**Switzerland** – Charles Pictet de Rochemont 6.The **Iroquois Confederacy** participated in the Congress as it had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812 , viewed by the British as part of the  Napoleonic Wars.
 * The Great Powers **
 * <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">The Lesser Powers **

The Final Act <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on June 9, 1815.
<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> __Sources__
 * Russia was given most of the Poland and was allowed to keep Finland (
 * Prussia was given two fifths of Saxony, parts of the Poland
 * A German Confederation of 38 states was created from the previous 300, under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor. Only portions of the territory of Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation.
 * The Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands were united in a constitutional monarchy, with the House of Orange-Nassau providing the king.
 * To compensate for the Orange-Nassau's loss of the Nassau lands to Prussia, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were to form a personal union under the House of Orange-Nassau, with Luxembourg inside the German Confederation.
 * Swedish Pomerania was ceded to Prussia.
 * The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.
 * Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark, but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of Münster and by the formerly Prussian East Frisia, and made a kingdom.
 * Most of the territorial gains of Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau under the mediatizations of 1801–1806 were recognized.
 * Bavaria also gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate and parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Hesse-Darmstadt, in exchange for giving up the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia, was granted the city of Mainz.
 * Austria regained control of the Tirol and Salzburg; of the former Illyrian Provinces; of Ternopol district (from Russia); received Lombardy-Venetia in Italy and Ragusa in Dalmatia.
 * Former Austrian territory in Southwest Germany remained under the control of Württemberg and Baden, and the Austrian Netherlands were also not recovered.
 * Habsburg princes were returned to control of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena.
 * The Papal States were under the rule of the pope and restored to their former extent, with the exception of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, which remained part of France.
 * The United Kingdom was confirmed in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa; Tobago; Ceylon; and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. Other colonies, most notably the Dutch East Indies and Martinique, were restored to their previous owners.
 * The King of Sardinia was restored in Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy, and was given control of Genoa (putting an end to the brief proclamation of a restored Republic).
 * The Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla were given to Marie Louise, Napoleon's wife.
 * The Duchy of Lucca was created for the House of Bourbon-Parma, which would have reversionary rights to Parma after the death of Marie Louise.
 * The Bourbon Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily was restored to control of the Kingdom of Naples, but only after Joachim Murat, the king installed by Bonaparte, rose up and supported Napoleon in the Hundred Days, triggering the Neapolitan War.
 * The slave trade was condemned.
 * Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers, including the Rhine.
 * Congress of Vienna. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna

__**The Course of the Congress**__

Initially, the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand managed to skillfully insert himself into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations. He allied himself to a Committee of Eight powers (Spain, France, Sweden, and Portugal) to control the negotiations. Once Talleyrand was able to use this to make himself a part of the inner negotiations, he then left this committee. The major Allies' indecision on how to conduct their affairs without provoking a united protest from the lesser powers led to the calling of a preliminary conference on protocol, to which Talleyrand and the [|Marquis of Labrador], [|Spain's] representative, were invited on September 30, 1814. Congress Secretary [|Friedrich von Gentz] would report, "The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans. Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly [be]rated us for two hours. It was a scene I shall never forget."[|[][|4][|]] The embarrassed representatives of the Allies replied that the document concerning the protocol they had arranged actually meant nothing. "If it means so little, why did you sign it?" snapped Labrador. Talleyrand’s policy, directed as much by national as personal ambitions, demanded the close but by no means amicable relationship he had with Labrador. Talleyrand regarded Labrador with "Olympian disdain.[|[][|5][|]] The testy Spaniard would remark of Talleyrand: "that cripple, unfortunately, is going to Vienna."[|[][|6][|]] Talleyrand skirted additional articles suggested by Labrador: he had no intention of handing over the 12,000 //afrancesados// - "frenchified" Spanish fugitives who had sworn fealty to [|Joseph Bonaparte] - with whom he had shady business connections, nor the bulk of the documents, paintings, pieces of fine art, and works of [|hydrography] and [|natural history] that had been looted from the archives, palaces, churches and cathedrals of Spain.[|[][|7][|]]

__REPRESENTATIVES__ 1. [|Wellington] (UK) 2. [|Joaquim Lobo da Silveira] (Portugal) 3. [|António Saldanha da Gama] (Portugal) 4. [|Count Carl Löwenhielm] (Sweden) 5. [|Jean-Louis-Paul-François, 5th Duke of Noailles] (France) 6. [|Metternich] (Austria) 7. [|André Dupin] (France) 8. [|Count Karl Robert Nesselrode] (Russia) 9. [|Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Count, 1st Marquess and 1st Duke de Palmela] (Portugal) 10. [|Castlereagh] (UK) 11. [|Emmerich Joseph, Duke of Dalberg] (France) 12. [|Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg] (Confederation of the Rhine) 13. [|Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky] (Russia) 14. [|Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry] (UK) 15. [|Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador] (Spain) 16. [|Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty] (UK) 17. Wacken (Recorder) 18. [|Friedrich von Gentz] (Congress Secretary) 19. [|Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt] (Prussia) 20. [|William Schaw Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart] (UK) 21. [|Prince Karl August von Hardenberg] (Prussia) 22. [|Talleyrand] (France) 23. [|Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg] (Russia) 24. probably [|Francis I of Austria] 25. [|Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz] (Austria)


 * <span style="color: rgb(60,98,61);">Important Decisions: **
 * France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon
 * The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.
 * Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler
 * Switzerland was declared neutral
 * Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland
 * Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province.
 * Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
 * Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas.
 * France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.
 * Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII

Though the conference opened with a series of glittery balls and conferences, the delegates soon got down to work. Mainly, the four major powers of Europe (Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain) were left to make most of the big decisions. Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian minister of state who was also acting president of the Congress. The Russians sent Alexander I, the emperor of Russia. The main delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, and Great Britain was represented by Lord Castlereagh, and later Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellingtom. This group of major powers decided that France, Spain, and the smaller powers would have no say in important decisions. However, the French diplomat, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, was successful in allowing France to have an equal voice in the negotiations. Talleyrand became the deciding vote in many of the decisions.
 * <span style="color: rgb(60,98,61);">Important People: **

The goal of the congress was to reestablish a balance of power amongst the countries of Europe and have peace between the nations. The Congress was highly successful in achieving its goal, for the peace in Europe was left undisturbed for almost 40 years. http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/congress/vienessy.html
 * <span style="color: rgb(60,98,61);">Outcomes of the meeting: **

http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:b1u8matXjfgJ:www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/CongressOfVienna.ppt+congress+of+vienna&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&client=firefox-a
 * __POWERPOINT__**

Polish-Saxon crisis
The most contentious subject at the Congress was the so-called Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Russians and Prussians proposed a deal in which much of the Prussian and Austrian shares of the partitions of Poland would go to Russia, which would create a Polish Kingdom in personal union with Russia and Alexander as king. In compensation, the Prussians would receive all of [|Saxony], whose King was considered to have forfeited his throne as he had not abandoned Napoleon soon enough. The Austrians, French, and British did not approve of this plan, and, at the inspiration of Talleyrand, signed a secret treaty on January 3, 1815, agreeing to go to war, if necessary, to prevent the Russo-Prussian plan from coming to fruition. Though none of the three powers were ready for war, the Russians did not call the bluff, and an amicable settlement was set on October 24, 1814, by which Russia received most of the Napoleonic [|Duchy of Warsaw] as a "Kingdom of Poland" - called [|Congress Poland] - but did not receive the district of [|Poznań], [|Grand Duchy of Poznań], which was given to Prussia, nor [|Kraków], which became a [|free city]. Prussia received 40% of Saxony - later known as the [|Province of Saxony], with the remainder returned to King [|Frederick Augustus I] - [|Kingdom of Saxony]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_vienna

Other changes
The Congress's principal results, apart from its confirmation of France's loss of the territories annexed in 1795–1810, which had already been settled by the [|Treaty of Paris], were the enlargement of Russia, (which gained most of the [|Duchy of Warsaw]) and [|Prussia], which acquired [|Westphalia] and the northern Rhineland. The consolidation of Germany from the nearly 300 states of the [|Holy Roman Empire] (dissolved in 1806) into a much more manageable thirty-nine states was confirmed. These states were formed into a loose [|German Confederation] under the leadership of Prussia and Austria. Representatives at the Congress agreed to numerous other territorial changes. Norway was transferred from Denmark to the king of Sweden, this sparked the nationalist movement which led to the establishment of the [|Kingdom of Norway] on [|May 17, 1814]. Austria gained [|Lombardy-Venetia] in Northern Italy, while much of the rest of North-Central Italy went to Habsburg dynasties (the [|Grand Duchy of Tuscany], the [|Duchy of Modena], and the [|Duchy of Parma]). The Pope was restored to the [|Papal States]. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored to its mainland possessions, and also gained control of the Republic of [|Genoa]. In Southern Italy, Napoleon's brother-in-law, [|Joachim Murat], was originally allowed to retain his Kingdom of [|Naples], but following his support of Napoleon in the [|Hundred Days], he was deposed, and the Bourbon [|Ferdinand IV] was restored to the throne. A large [|United Kingdom of the Netherlands] was created for the Prince of Orange, including both the old [|United Provinces] and the formerly Austrian-ruled territories in the Southern Netherlands. There were other, less important territorial adjustments, including significant territorial gains for the German Kingdoms of [|Hanover] (which gained [|East Frisia] from Prussia and various other territories in Northwest Germany) and [|Bavaria] (which gained the Rhenish Palatinate and territories in [|Franconia]). The [|Duchy of Lauenburg] was transferred from Hanover to Denmark, and [|Swedish Pomerania] was annexed by Prussia. Switzerland was enlarged, and Swiss neutrality was guaranteed. During the wars, Portugal had lost its province of [|Olivença] to Spain and, at the Congress of Vienna, wanted it back. Portugal was historically a friend of Great Britain, and with its support succeeded in having their right to the re-incorporation of [|Olivença] decreed in Article 105 of the Final Act, which stated that the Congress "understood the occupation of [|Olivença] to be illegal and recognized Portugal's rights". Portugal ratified the Final Act in 1815 but the Spanish would not sign. Thus Spain became the most important hold-out against the Congress of Vienna. Deciding in the end that it was better to become part of Europe than stand aside alone, Spain finally accepted the Treaty on May 7, 1817, however, [|Olivença] and its surroundings have never actually returned to portuguese control and this question is still unsolved.[|[][|10][|]] The [|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland] received parts of the West Indies at the expense of the Netherlands and Spain and kept the former Dutch colonies of [|Ceylon] and the [|Cape Colony], and also kept [|Malta] and [|Heligoland]. Under the [|Treaty of Paris], Britain obtained the protectorate over the [|United States of the Ionian Islands] and the [|Seychelles]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_vienna

Later criticism
The Congress of Vienna was frequently criticized by nineteenth-century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses, and for imposing a stifling [|reaction] on the continent. The Congress of Vienna was an integral part in what became known as the [|Conservative Order], in which the liberties and civil rights associated with the [|American] and [|French Revolutions] were deemphasized, and peace and stability were purchased instead. In the 20th century, however, many historians have come to admire the statesmen at the Congress, whose work had prevented another European general war for nearly a hundred years (1815–1914). Among these is [|Henry Kissinger], whose doctoral dissertation was on the Congress of Vienna. Prior to the opening of the Paris peace conference of 1918, the British Foreign Office commissioned a history of the Congress of Vienna to serve as an example to its own delegates of how to achieve an equally successful peace. Besides, the decisions of the Congress were made by the Five Great Powers (Austria, France, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom), and not all the countries of Europe could extend their rights at the Congress. For example, Italy became a mere "geographical expression" as divided into eight parts (Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Lombardy, Venetia, Piedmont-Sardinia, the Papal States, Naples-Sicily) under the control of different powers, while Poland was under the influence of Russia after the Congress. The arrangements that made the Five Great Powers finally led to future disputes. The Congress of Vienna preserved the balance of power in Europe, but it could not check the spread of revolutionary movements on the continent. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_vienna

The principal negotiators were: http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html
 * Austria || Metternich ||
 * Prussia || Hardenberg and von Humbolt ||
 * Russia || Nesselrode and Rasoumoffski ||
 * Great Britain || Castlereagh, and later, [|Wellington] ||
 * France || Talleyrand and Dalberg ||


 * Congress dominated by heads who had defeated Napoleon

Territorial Arrangements
Metternich's major objective at the Congress was to ensure that France was surrounded by states strong enough to contain any future French attempts at expansion. Metternich wanted to create a balance of power in Europe that would maintain stability. The Congress of Vienna went on to formalize many territorial arrangements previously agreed upon by the four major allied states. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium and Holland, was created as a strong state on France's northeastern frontier. The Italian state of Piedmont-Sardinia played a similar role on France's southeastern frontier. In central Europe Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine was abolished and replaced by thirty-nine German states grouped loosely together as the German Confederation, with its capital in Frankfurt. The Confederation included German-speaking areas of Prussia and Austria. It also superseded the three hundred-plus German states that had existed under the auspices of the Holy Roman Empire prior to the French revolution. Prussia was given land on the west and east banks of the Rhine river in order to garrison an army that could march quickly on France in case of an emergency. Austria was meant to have the dominant role in the German Confederation and the Austrians were given presidency of the Confederation. Austria was also to be the dominant power on the Italian peninsula. Austria retained possession of the wealthy northern Italian province of Lombardy and was granted control over the neighboring and equally wealthy province of Venetia. Members of the Austrian royal family, the Habsburgs, were placed on most of the thrones of the remaining Italian states to ensure Austrian dominance and keep the French out. <span style="color: rgb(27,46,228);">__Congress of Vienna__, Paul W. Doer


 * __Congress of Vienna__**
 * A meeting of European ambassadors
 * Met at Vienna Austria from September 1814- June 9, 1815
 * its purpose was to create a new political map based on territorial changes.
 * Also to settle issues from the French revolutionary war, Napoleonic wars, and dissolution of the HRE
 * Chaired by Klemens Wenzel Von Metternich.
 * __Participants__**
 * the Countries of the great powers: UK, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France.
 * the Countries of the lessser powers: Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Netherlands, Switzerland, Iroquois Confederacy

__**Representatives**__
 * From the UK: Wellington, Castlereagh, Charles Stewart, Richard Le Poer Trench, and William Schaw Cathcart.
 * From Portugal: Joaquim Lobo da Silveira, Antonio Saldanha da Gama, and Pedro de Sousa Holstein
 * From Sweden: Count Carl Lowenheilm
 * From France: Jean-Louis-Paul-Francois, Andre Dupin, Emmerich Joseph, and Talleyrand
 * From Austria: Metternich, Francis I of Austria, and Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz
 * From Russia: Count Carl Robert Nesselrode and Count Gustav Ernst Von Stackelberg
 * From Confederation of the Rhine: Ignaz Heinrich Von Wessenberg
 * From Spain: Pedro Gomez Labrador
 * Congress secretary: Friedrich von Gentz
 * Recorder: Wacken
 * From Prussia: Prince Karl August von Hardenberg and Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt

__**Course of the Congress**__ Tyler the bulleted stuff with titles right above this starting with congress of vienna are slide setups.

T he Congress of Vienna was an international conference that was called in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I. Many territorial decisions had to be made in the conference that was held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1814 to June 1815. The main goal of the conference was to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace.

Though the conference opened with a series of glittery balls and conferences, the delegates soon got down to work. Mainly, the four major powers of Europe (Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain) were left to make most of the big decisions. Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian minister of state who was also acting president of the Congress. The Russians sent Alexander I, the emperor of Russia. The main delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, and Great Britain was represented by Lord Castlereagh, and later Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellingtom. This group of major powers decided that France, Spain, and the smaller powers would have no say in important decisions. However, the French diplomat, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, was successful in allowing France to have an equal voice in the negotiations. Talleyrand became the deciding vote in many of the decisions.
 * Important People: **

The goal of the congress was to reestablish a balance of power amongst the countries of Europe and have peace between the nations. The Congress was highly successful in achieving its goal, for the peace in Europe was left undisturbed for almost 40 years.
 * Important Decisions: **
 * France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon
 * The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.
 * Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler
 * Switzerland was declared neutral
 * Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland
 * Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province.
 * Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
 * Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas.
 * France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.
 * Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII
 * Outcomes of the meeting: **