Robert+Hooke

=[|reinckens Hooke.mp3]media type="file" key="reinckens Hooke.mp3"Robert Hooke (1635-1703) By: B.J. Reinckens Retrieved September 29, 2008, Web site: http://www.roberthooke.com/= >
 * Robert Hooke was perhaps one of the most important scientists from the 17th century. While his research and findings were often overshadowed by those of his rival Sir Isaac Newton, one cannot argue their importance in the development of fields such as physics, astronomy, biology, and medicine, to name a few.
 * One could say he was England's equivalent of 14th century genius [|Leonardo da Vinci], that he was a true renaissance man who was constantly seeking answers to questions, and inventing new and ingenious scientific instruments. Hooke's inventions include the spring control of the balance wheel in watches, and the first reflecting telescope. Hooke also worked as an architect, although his dreams of redesigning London following the Great Fire of 1666 were brought down to smaller proportions.
 * Hooke's advances in the field of Microscopy and Astronomy opened doors which would one day lead to discoveries from scientists such as [|Dr. Edwin Hubble], and that some of his other inventions such as the universal joint, which is being used in the automobile industry, and his balanced springs, which are still part of some of the watches we wear. [|Hooke's Law] and his combustion theory are still used by today's scientists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_HookeRobert Hooke. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
 * **Robert Hooke**, [|FRS] (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an [|English] [|natural philosopher] and [|polymath] who played an important role in the [|scientific revolution], through both experimental and theoretical work. Hooke is known principally for his law of elasticity ([|Hooke's Law]). He is also remembered for his work as "the father of [|microscopy]" — it was Hooke who coined the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life — he also assisted [|Robert Boyle] and built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's [|gas law] experiments. Hooke was an important [|architect] of his time, and a chief surveyor to the [|City of London] after the [|Great Fire], built some of the earliest [|Gregorian telescopes], observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and was an early proponent of the [|theory of evolution] through his observations of microscopic fossils. He investigated the phenomenon of [|refraction], deducing the [|wave theory of light], and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances. He also deduced from experiments that [|gravity] follows an [|inverse square law], and that such a relation governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was subsequently developed by Newton.[|[1]] Much of Hooke's work was conducted in his capacity as curator of experiments of the [|Royal Society], a post he held from 1662.Hooke was, by all accounts, a remarkably industrious man, and was at one time simultaneously the curator of the Royal Society and a member of its council, [|Gresham Professor of Geometry] and Chief Surveyor to the City of London. Hooke's reputation was largely forgotten during the eighteenth century, and this is popularly attributed to a dispute with [|Isaac Newton] over credit for his work on gravitation.

Biography

Hooke's microscope, from an engraving in //Micrographia//.

[[|edit]] Early life
> John Hooke also was in charge of a local school, and so was able to teach Robert, at least partly at home perhaps due to the boy's frail health. He was a Royalist and almost certainly one of a groups who went to pay their respects to Charles II when he escaped to the Isle of Wight. Robert, too, grew up to be a staunch monarchist.
 * Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in [|Freshwater] on the [|Isle of Wight] to John Hooke and Cecily Gyles. Robert was the last of four children, two sons and two daughters, and there was an age difference of seven years between him and the next youngest. Their father ecclesiastically served the Church of England, specifically as the curate of Freshwater's Church of All Saints; his three brothers were also ministers. Robert Hooke was expected to succeed in his education and join the Church.
 * In 1655, according to his autobiographical notes, Hooke began to acquaint himself with astronomy, through the good offices of John Ward. Hooke applied himself to the improvement of the [|pendulum] and in 1657 or 1658, he began to improve on pendulum mechanisms, studying the work of [|Riccioli], and going on to study both gravitation and the mechanics of timekeeping. Hooke recorded that he conceived of a way to determine [|longitude]

>
 * Molecular Expressions. Retrieved September29, 2008, from www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu Web site: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/hooke.html
 * In 1663, Hooke was officially elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society, and two years later he received an appointment as Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. The latter position was accompanied by a suite of rooms at the college where Hooke lived and worked for the rest of his life. During this period, Hooke's interest in microscopy and astronomy soared, and he published **//Micrographia//**, his best known work on optical microscopy in 1665. The next year, Hooke published a volume on comets, **//Cometa//** detailing his close observation of the comets occurring in 1664 and 1665. Later in 1666, he was appointed surveyor of London, shortly after the Great Fire, and designed a number of buildings including the Royal College of Physicians, Bethlehem Hospital, and Montague House. After Henry Oldenburg's death in 1677, Hooke succeeded to the post of Secretary of the Royal Society, which he maintained for the next 16 years.
 * **//Micrographia//** encompassed the first important set of observations using an early microscope equipped with compound magnifying lenses and was illustrated by elaborate drawings (his finely-detailed drawing of a flea is famous). Hooke observed a wide diversity of organisms including insects, sponges, bryozoans, diatoms, and bird feathers. Perhaps less well known, Robert Hooke coined the term "cell", in a biological context, as he described the microscopic structure of cork like a tiny, bare room or monk's cell in his landmark discovery of plant cells with cell walls. Hooke was able to confirm Leeuwenhoek's surprising observations of bacteria and protozoans, leading to the general acceptance of the Dutch scientist's results by the established scientific community. Hooke, much preferring his compound microscopes, did not conduct a substantial number of experiments with Leeuwenhoek-style microscopes, and criticized these simple instruments as offensive to his eyes.


 * **Encyclopedia-**Bowden, R. (Ed.). New York: Vol. 5). McGraw-Hill Book Company.


 * Graduated with a master degree from Westminister College in 1663
 * Assisted Robert Boyle in Oxford in projects such as investigating the effects of air pressure on respiration (air pump)
 * Became curator of Royal Society in 1662
 * Inventions-
 * Microscope
 * spring balance wheel and anchor escapement mechanism
 * universal joint
 * improved barameters
 * screw divided quadrant for astronomical devices
 * Simple calculating machine
 * sounding device


 * Devised and preformed numerous experiments to investigate laws of gravity
 * propsed wave theory of light
 * dynamical theory of heat
 * theory of combustion
 * evolutional theory
 * lectured on comets and earthquakes
 * noted relationship between falling barometer and approaching storm
 * Helped rebuild London after the great fire in1666
 * Had many disputes with Issac Newton claiming that issac took credit for his work
 * died March 3, 1703
 * His true greatness was not generally recognized until the 20th Century

Script:

Robert Hooke was the youngest of four children born in Freshwater on the Isle of Wright, England 1635. Growing up his family was heavily involved in the church, but as time went on Robert began to become fascinated with observation, mechanical works, and drawing. At age thirteen Hooke entered the Westminster school and later entered Oxford, where many of the best scientists of England were working at the time. While he was there he gained employment as an assistant to Robert Boyle, constructing, operating, and demonstrating Boyle's air pump. Robert then went on to becoming the curator of experiment for the Royal Society in 1662, a society which opened doors for science and strove to remove language barriers in science. At the Royal Society Hooke's job was to demonstrate experiments from his own method or by suggested methods from other scientists. His discussions were about the nature of air, the implosion of glass bubbles which had been sealed with hot air, and demonstrating that the Pabulum vitae and flammae were the same. He also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax opened, provided air was pumped in and out of its lungs, and noted the difference between venous and arterial blood.

Hooke Later became a geometry professor at Gresham College, and he served as a chief surveyor of London to help rebuild the city after the Great Fire in 1666. Although Hooke was mostly known to be the "father of microscopy" and famous for the theory of elasticity "Hooke's Law", he was generally unknown in the 18th century. This was because it was believed that Isaac Newton, another scientist during the time, destroyed Hooke's only portrait. Prior to that Hooke did have disputes with Isaac over credit for planets and gravitation theories, and had disputes with Oldenburg over credit for the anchor escapement, a device that regulates the release of energy and translates it into regular timekeeping - in other words, "tick-tock". His work was not officially recognized until Robert Gunther and Margaret Espinasse dicovered it in the 20th century. He was also known for his inventions that were important during the scientific revolution such as a spring balance wheel, a universal joint, a screw divided quadrant for astronomical devices, a simple calculating machine, and a sounding device. One of Hooke's most famous books called Micrographia which described cells by his observations of numerous organisms under his microscope. In the field of mechanics, Hooke discovered the law of elasticity which for the first time enabled a portable timepiece "the watch" to keep time with reasonable accuracy. In the field of astronomy, Robert lectured on comets, distances from the Earth to stars, illustrated lunar craters, and discovered one of the first double-star systems, Gamma Arietis. In the field of architecture, Hooke helped Christopher Wren, chief assistant, on designing the Royal Greenwich Observatory, the Bethlem Royal Hospital, and St. Paul's Cathedral. It was also Hooke's idea of rebuilding the city of London with streets that followed a grid pattern, which was later used in the building of many cities around the world. Some of Hooke's theories included the wave theory of light, the dynamical theory of heat, the theory of combustion, and noted the relationship between a falling barometer and an approaching storm. At the age of 68 Robert Hooke died in London on March 3, 1703 and was buried at St. Helen's Bishopsgate. Although Hooke is sometimes portrayed as a stubborn person, this should not distract us from Hooke's inventiveness, and his capacity for hard work.