The++Unification+of+Italy

Tommy Hart burton07@earthlink.net; 11thart@gmail.com Pat Garvey 11pgarvey@gmail.com CJ Kilpatrick hawaii1992@verizon.net 11CKilpatrick@gmail something something is the email thing he wanted us to post on here use the link below to save time on the school computers cuz they take forever

the italia unification or italian risorgimento is known as the chain of political and military events that produced a united italian peninsula under the kindom of italy in 1861.

> [|__http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html__] Two Sicilies insurrection** http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_italy
 * I. Pre-revolutionary Phase:**
 * major powers that has reseted met at a conference called the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
 * the purpose of this conference was to limit France's power, set limits on nations so no one nation cecome too strong, and divide up the territory conquered by Napoleon
 * the congress returned the domination of the italian peninsula to Autria.
 * autria now occupied Lonbardy and venice and had considerable influence on other italian states
 * one of the few places of independece was the kingdom of sardinia, which no controlled piedmont, nice, savoy, and genoa
 * conflicts that interfered with the unification process were: Austria control of lombardy and venice, several independent italian states, the autonomy of the papal statres, and the linted power of italian leaders
 * II. Revolution Phase:**
 * during half of the 19th c. only aristocrats, intellectua, and upper middle class took the cause for unification
 * the people with the passion for unification started to form secret societies, namely the Carbonari
 * The Carbonari were involved in numerous failed revolutions against the kindom of two sicilies, the kingdom of sardinia, bologna, and other italian states
 * the autrian empire crushed these revolutions, leading to more resentment from the italians
 * the soul and spirit of the Carbonari and the revolutions was a man named Giuseppe Mazzini
 * mazzini was an idealist who wanted not only wanted a united italy, but an italy with a republican form of government
 * he brought the capaign for the unification into the mainstream when in 1831 he created Young Italy, a group created for the sole purpose to spread the ideas unification, rebolutions, and republications
 * a series of uprising known as the Revolution of 1848 occrrued throughout Europe including france, Germany, the Austrian Empire and nothern Italy
 * the revolution also occurred in the Kindom of Two Sicilies were the king a constitution. in the papal states, radical took over Roma, causing the Pope to flee. In the absence of the pope, garibaldi and mazzini created a republic called the Roman Republic.
 * 1849 france sent troops to rome and destroyed the short-lived roman republic
 * piedmont lost to austria and the king was forced to abdicat, causing his son, victor emanuel II to become king in 1849
 * athe the unsuccessful events of the last few years, unificatioin would seem as a distant dream.
 * with the appointment of Count camillo di cavour as prime minister of piedmont in1852
 * with the use of all the politcal and military tricks in the book, cavour tackled and succeeded in making this dream into a reality. italy and europe would never be the same again
 * Early revolution activity (1820-1830)
 * in 1829 Sapniards successfully revolted over disputes about the constitution, which influenced the decelopment of a similar movement in Italy.
 * Inspired by the Spaniards, a regiment in the army of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, commanded by Guglielmo pepe, a Carbonaro, mutinied, conquering the peninsular part of Two Sicilies.
 * The king, Ferdinand I, agreed to enact a new constitution.
 * the revolutionaries failed to court popular support and fell to Austrian troops of the Holy Alliance
 * ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries
 * Piedmont insurrection**
 * the leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in piedmont was Santorre di Santarosa, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify under the House of Savoy.
 * the piedmont revolt statted in alessandria, where troops adopted the green white and red tricolore of the cisalpine republic. the king's regent, prince charles albert, acting while the king charles felix was away, approved a new constitution to apperase the revolutionaries, but when the king returned he disavowed the constittution and requested assistance from the holy alliance.
 * Di Santarosa's troops were defeated, and the would-be Piedmontese fled to paris
 * 1830 insurrections**
 * by 1830, revoutionary sentiment in favor of a unified italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of inserreections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the italian peninsula
 * during the july revolution of 1830 in france, revolutionaries forced the king to avdicate and created the july monarchy with encouragement from the new french king, louis philippe
 * the war of 1859 and its aftermath**
 * camillo di cavour hoped to secure aid from britain and france in expelling the austrians from the italian peninsula. an attempt to gain british and french favor by supporting them in the crimean war, which piedmont entered in 1855 was, was unsuccessful, as italiann matters were ignored at the congress of paris
 * on january 14, 1858 an italian nationalist felice orsini attempted to assassinate napolean III, the french emperor.

1672-1803 muratori, alferi and genovesi ignite the fire of revolution

1796 milan is occupied by the french under french general napolean bonaparte who founds the cispadane republic

**1797** Pope submits to Bonaparte; Uprisings against French in Verona; French enter Venice; Cisalpine Republic established in Lombardy; Venice given to Austria **1798** Roman Republic declared; Ferdinand IV enters Rome (later retaken by French); Abdication of Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy.

**1799** French occupation of Naples; Milan taken by Russians; Austrians enter Turin; Naples capitulates to Bourbons.

**1801** Napoleon occupies Milan; Kingdom of Etruria founded by Napoleon in Tuscany; Treaty of Florence between France and Naples.

**1802** Cisalpine Republic called Italian Republic; France annexes Piedmont **1805** Napoleon crowns himself King of Italy; Ligurian Republic annexed to France; also Parma and Piacenza. **1808** Joachim Murat becomes King of Naples; Papal States partly annexed to Kingdom of Italy. **1809** Napoleon annexes Rome and Papal States to French empire. **1814** Napoleon defeated; banished to Elba. **1820** Revolt in Naples **1821** Revolt in Piedmont **1831** Revolution in the Papal States; King Charles Albert becomes King of Sardinia; "Young Italy" founded by Mazzini **1845** Pius IX becomes Pope. **18****48** Uprisings in Palermo; Constitutional edict in Naples; Constitutional monarchy proclaimed in Piedmont; Constitution granted in Rome, Republic proclaimed with Mazzini as head. Successful revolution in Milan; Venice proclaimed a Republic; Charles Albert [Piedmont and Sardinia] invades Lombardy; Tuscan forces invade Lombardy; Naples constitution denied; Union of Venetia and Piedmont declared, soon overthrown; Battle of Custozza, Charles Albert defeated. **1849** Charles Albert abdicates in favor of Victor Emmanuel II; Sicilian revolution crushed by Naples; Austrians take Florence; Venice surrenders to Austria **1850** Cavour becomes Prime Minister in Sardinia-Piedmonte. **1852** Napoleon III becomes emperor of France. **1858** Meeting of Cavour and Napoleon III. **1859** War between Austria and Sardinia Piedmont; Austria defeated by Piemontese and French; Sardinia gains Lombardy. **1860** Tuscany and Emilia declare for union with Sardinia-Piedmonte; Revolution in Sicily, Garibaldi lands and is victorious; invades Italy and gains victory; enters Naples Piemontese army under Victor Emmanuel take over from Garibaldi; Marche and Umbria vote for annexation to Piedmonte. **1861** Sicily and Naples vote to join Kingdom of Italy; Kingdom of Italy proclaimed. **1870** Italian troops occupy Rome when French abandon city; **1871 (July)** Rome made Capital of Kingdom

[|**http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm**]

Italy joins Prussia in War against Austria; gains Venetia**1866**

(Taken by the cited source above.) Underlined important points for use in powerpoint. > > In April 1859, war broke out between Piedmont and Austria.__ > In __early 1860, he started to gather volunteers in Genoa for an expedition to Sicily__.
 * III. Cavour’s Policy and the Role of Piedmont**
 * __After the numerous failed uprisings throughout Italy, Camillo di Cavour became the prime minister of the Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia) in 1852.__
 * __Although Piedmont was a small state, it had considerable influence due to its military strength, conservative philosophy, and admirable political leader__.
 * In addition, __Victor Emmanuel II ruled in conjunction with a parliament__, thus establishing a legitimate stable form of government and not giving cause to an internal revolution.
 * __Although Piedmont exercised a conservative policy, it was loose and constructive in many areas, especially commerce and industry.__
 * __Cavour had a strong belief in scientific and economic progress, and was a firm supporter of unification.__
 * __He encouraged people to participate in government, started to change public opinion by skillfully using the press and the government, and economic freedom, and most importantly spread the propaganda of Italian unity under Victor Emanuel II.__
 * In order to achieve his goals, __Cavour needed the help of a strong ally, the leader of France, Napoleon III.__
 * __Also, Napoleon III showed favor to a liberated and united Italian peninsula.__
 * __France would help Piedmont in exchange for Nice and Savoy.
 * **IV. Garibaldi’s Campaign in Southern Italy**
 * __The Expedition of Soldiers, as it was called, was an instant hit with the public.__ __In yet another brilliant move, Cavour encouraged riots and uprisings in the Papal States thus giving the Piedmontese troops a reason to come under the pretext of maintaining order.__ __In 1860, two thirds of the Papal States joined Piedmont and Rome was left alone. As the Piedmontese army bypassed Rome and the remaining Papal States and marched south, Garibaldi would surprise everyone with one of the most memorable gestures in history. On September 18, Garibaldi gave up command of his army and shook hands with Victor Emanuel II, signifying the unity and formation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.__



**The War of 1859: (Source was Wikipedia)**

 * Between Austrians and France.
 * In 1858 Felice Orsini attemped to assassinate Napoleon III.
 * Battle of Magenta on June 4th.
 * A second battle at Solferino on June 24th.

=The Capture of Rome:=
 * The Franco-Prussian War began in 1870.
 * Italian Army crossed the papal frontier on Steember 11th.
 * They hoped for a peaceful entry into Rome.
 * Pope rejected the offer of peaceful entry.
 * Capital was moved from Florence to Rome in July 1871.

= = another site to look at http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm**** media type="custom" key="2974656"
 * Even though and Italian kingdom had been formed it didnt include all of Italy
 * It lacked Rome and Venetia
 * Rome was controlled by Napoleon III and Venetia was under the control of Austria
 * But in 1866 Venetia was annexed
 * Napoleon was forced to leave Rome due to the war between France and Germany
 * So Italian troops marched in unopposed