Kepler09

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Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in Weil de Stadt,    Württemberg. He was a    German     mathematician,     astronomer, and key figure in the 17th century     scientific revolution. He was very religious and was a Lutheran. He was married to  Barbara Müller. He is best known from his    three     laws of planetary motion. Kepler also did important works in optics, by coming up with the first correct mathematical theory of the camera obscura and explanation of the human eye. He also discovered two new regular polyhedra in 1619 and gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of equal spheres. Another achievement of his was that he devised a method of finding the volumes of solids of revolution that can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus. Attending the University of Tübingen, he studied there as a theology student. While he was there, Kepler’s math professor, Michael Mästlin, showed him the work of Nicolas Copernicus. Once he saw his Copernicus’ work he was enthralled. Interested with math and astronomy, Kepler left Tübingen in 1594, to teach astronomy and mathematics at the University of Graz, in Austria. While teaching in Graz, he published Mysterium Cosmographicum which was a more understandable description of the Copernican system as well as Kepler’s new ideas. Tycho Brahe disagreed with Kepler’s ideas in the Mysterium Cosmographicum  also they discussed a broad range of astronomical problems with it. Tycho took issue with the use of inaccurate numerical data taken from   Copernicus. He began working for Tycho on February 4, 1600. Kepler attempted to negotiate a more formal employment arrangement with Tycho by planning to test his theory from   Mysterium Cosmographicum based on the Mars data. He was then banished from Graz for not converting to Catholicism, which withheld their research. Then when Kepler came back to work with Tycho he analyzed planetary observations. Then Tycho died unexpectedly and in 1601 Kepler became the imperial mathematician to Rudolf II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, succeeding   Tycho Brahe. Kepler studied Tycho’s works and published Astronomia Nova    and     Harmonices Mundi. In those works, he had developed the three laws of planetary motion. In “Astronomia Nova de Motibus Stellae Martis ex Observationibus Tychonis Brahe" it announced the first and second laws of planetary motion and "Harmonice Mundi" announced third law of planetary motion. The first law was that a planet orbits the Sun in an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the two foci. Second Law is that the line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out two equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse. Third Law is that the ratio is of the square of the revolutionary periods for two planets are equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major axes. That is, the time it takes a planet to complete its orbit is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun. The farther from the Sun an object is the more slowly it moves. He died Nov. 15, 1630, Regensburg and was buried in the local church, but this was destroyed in the course of the Thirty Years' War and nothing remains of the tomb. = =

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=Johannes Kepler = >
 * was born on December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Württemberg.
 *  was a German  mathematician,  astronomer  and  astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century  scientific revolution. He is best known for his  eponymous  laws of planetary motion
 * In 1604, He also did important work in optics and came up with the first correct mathematical theory of the //camera obscura// and the first correct explanation of the working of the human eye, with an upside-down picture formed on the retina.
 * Kepler discovered two new regular polyhedra in 1619, gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of equal spheres (leading to an explanation of the shape of the cells of a honeycomb, 1611
 * gave the first proof of how logarithms worked in 1624
 * devised a method of finding the volumes of solids of revolution that can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus in 1615 to 1616.

Early Life

 * his parents were poor when he was growing up
 * He was the first born in his family of six.
 * Three of his siblings died as infants and he himself was very sick during his childhood years.
 * Kepler was near sighted

Education

 * He had obvious intellect in which it made him a scholarship to the University of Tübingen  to study for the  Lutheran ministry. While he was there, Kepler intended to practice his studies and become part of the Theological Faculty but his professor of mathematics, Michael Mästlin, brought him in the work of Nicolas Copernicus, and he fell in love with Copernicus’ work. There he was introduced to the ideas of Copernicus and delighted in them.
 * Copernicus' heliocentric theory of planetary motion is based on that the sun was the center of the known universe
 * Kepler left Tübingen in 1594, to teach astronomy and mathematics at the University of Graz, in Austria.
 * “Tycho guarded his data closely, but was impressed by Kepler's theoretical ideas and soon allowed him more access. Kepler planned to test his theory from   // Mysterium Cosmographicum // based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years. With the help of     Johannes Jessenius, Kepler attempted to negotiate a more formal employment arrangement with Tycho, but negotiations broke down in an angry argument and Kepler left for Prague on April 6. Kepler and Tycho soon reconciled and eventually reached an agreement on salary and living arrangements, and in June, Kepler returned home to Graz to collect his family. Political and religious difficulties in Graz dashed his hopes of returning immediately to Tycho; in hopes of continuing his astronomical studies, Kepler sought an appointment as mathematician to Archduke Ferdinand. To that end, Kepler composed an essay—dedicated to Ferdinand—in which he proposed a force-based theory of lunar motion: "In Terra inest virtus, quae Lunam ciet" ("There is a force in the earth which causes the moon to move").Though the essay did not earn him a place in Ferdinand's court, it did detail a new method for measuring lunar eclipses, which he applied during the July 10 eclipse in Graz. ”  Said Wikipedia.
 *  “In 1596, Kepler printed his first work; a booklet entitled "Mysterium Cosmographicum", in which he theorized that one could determine the orbit of the planets by using an equilateral triangle to determine the fixed ratio between two different sized circles.  He theorized that one could determine the orbit of the planets by using an equilateral triangle to determine the fixed ratio between two different sized circles.”  Said by Johannes kepler.com.
 *  In trying to recognize atmospheric refraction of light, he was the first person to explain how light behaves within the eye, how eyeglasses advance vision, and what takes place to light in a telescope



 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">Began to attempt to fix Tycho’s information on the orbit of Mars. He concluded that the orbit eight minutes of arc outside the predicted Copernican orbit, an error exceeding the accuracy of the measurements but at least a factor of four. And that the orbits were ellipses known be mathematicians


 * In 1609, he published his finding that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse and not the perfect circle it was supposed to be the orbit of every celestial body.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> He made three laws:

 * 1) __First Law__: A planet orbits the Sun in an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the two foci.
 * 2) __Second Law:__ The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out two equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse.
 * 3) __Third Law__: the ratio is of the square of the revolutionary periods for two planets are equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major axes. That is, the time it takes a planet to complete its orbit is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun. The farther from the Sun an object is the more slowly it moves.


 * He wrote "Astronomia Nova de Motibus Stellae Martis ex Observationibus Tychonis Brahe" which announced first and second laws of planetary motion and "Harmonice Mundi" which announced third law of planetary motion.


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">His favorite child died and then Barbara relapsed into illness and died shortly after Kepler's return from Linz  on July 3 by typhus.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">On August 2, 1600, after refusing to convert to Catholicism, Kepler and his family were banished from Graz.


 * In 1612, he keeped his position as court astronomer and accepted the office of mathematician to the states of Upper Austria.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">On October 30, 1613, Kepler married the 24-year-old Susanna Reuttinger
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 14px;">He was excommunicated from the Lutheran Church.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 14px;">In 1617, he didn’t accept the mathematical chair of Bologna.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">And he died Nov. 15, 1630, Regensburg
 * He was buried in the local church, but this was destroyed in the course of the Thirty Years' War and nothing remains of the tomb.