Socialism+Research+B

=Period 8 Socialism Research=

Socialism is a politico-economic philosophy that believes government must direct all major economic decisions by command, and thus all the means of production for the greater good, however defined.
 * What is socialism?**

Socialism refers to a broad array of [|ideologies] and [|political movements] with the goal of a [|socio-economic] system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community.[|[1]]. This control may be either direct—exercised through popular collectives such as [|workers' councils]—or indirect—exercised on behalf of the people by the state. As an [|economic system], socialism is often characterized by [|state], worker, or community ownership of the [|means of production], goals which have been attributed to, and claimed by, a number of [|political parties] and governments throughout history. The modern socialist movement largely originated in the late-19th century [|working class] movement. In this period, the term 'socialism' was first used in connection with [|European] social critics who criticized [|capitalism] and [|private property]. For [|Karl Marx], who helped establish and define the modern socialist movement, socialism would be the socioeconomic system that arises after the [|proletarian revolution], in which the means of production are owned collectively. This society would then progress into [|communism]. Since the 19th century, socialists have not agreed on a common doctrine or program. Various adherents of socialist movements are split into differing and sometimes opposing branches, particularly between [|reformists] and revolutionaries. Some socialists have championed the complete [|nationalization] of the means of production, while [|social democrats] have proposed selective nationalization of key industries within the framework of [|mixed economies]. Some [|Marxists], including those inspired by the [|Soviet model of economic development], have advocated the creation of [|centrally planned economies] directed by a state that owns all the means of production. Others, including Communists in [|Yugoslavia] and [|Hungary] in the 1970s and 1980s, [|Chinese Communists] since the [|reform era], and some Western economists, have proposed various forms of [|market socialism], attempting to reconcile the presumed advantages of cooperative or state ownership of the means of production with letting [|market] forces, rather than central planners, guide [|production] and [|exchange].[|[2]] [|Anarcho-syndicalists], [|Luxemburgists] (such as those in the [|Socialist Party USA]) and some elements of the [|United States] [|New Left] favor decentralized collective ownership in the form of [|cooperatives] or workers' councils.

 > A proponent of "phalanxes" as a form of industrial organization. They are best exemplified in modern Israeli //kibbutzim//. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook33.html
 * Robert Owen (1771-1858): [|A New View of Society, Or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice], 1813-16 [At McMaster][Full Text] or [|here] [At Yale]
 * [|The Peterloo Massacre], 1819 [At this Site]
 * Samuel Bamford (1788-1872): [|Passages in the Life of a Radical-on the Peterloo Massacre], 1819 [At this Site]
 * **WEB** [|The Peterloo Massacre], 1819 [At spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk]
 * Chartism: [|The People's Petition], 1838, excerpts [At this Site]
 * Claude-Henri de Rouvroy St. Simon (1760-1825): [|Lettres d'un habitant de Genèeve a ses contemporains] [At Internet Archive, from Warwick]
 * Claude-Henri de Rouvroy St. Simon (1760-1825): [|Series of the Development of Human Intelligence] [At Internet Archive, from Warwick]
 * Claude-Henri de Rouvroy St. Simon (1760-1825): [|The Failure of European Liberalism], 1824 [At Internet Archive, from Warwick]
 * Charles Fourier (1772-1837): [|Theory of Social Organization], 1820 [At this Site]
 * Louis Blanc (1811­1882): [|The Organization of Labour], 1840, excerpts

Socialism in the 21st century
In some Latin American countries, socialism has re-emerged in recent years, with an anti-imperialist stance, the rejection of the policies of neo-liberalism and the nationalisation or part nationalisation of oil production, land and other assets. Venezuelan President [|Hugo Chávez] and Bolivian President [|Evo Morales], for instance, refer to their political programs as socialist. Chávez has coined the term "21st century socialism" (sometimes translated more literally as "[|Socialism of the 21st century]"). After winning re-election in December 2006, President Chávez said: "Now more than ever, I am obliged to move Venezuela's path towards socialism." [|[44]] Socialists have been prominent in their opposition to war, and in organizing anti-war protests. [|Protests against the Iraq War] have been unprecedented in their scale, often taking place simultaneously around the world. According to the French academic Dominique Reynié, between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war.[|[45]] In the developing world, some elected socialist parties and communist parties remain prominent, particularly in India. In China, the Chinese Communist Party has led a transition from the command economy of the Mao period to an economic program they term the [|socialist market economy] or "[|socialism with Chinese characteristics]". Under [|Deng Xiaoping], the leadership of China embarked upon a program of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader [|Mikhail Gorbachev]'s [|perestroika] program of the late 1980s. Deng's program, however, maintained state ownership rights over land, state or cooperative ownership of much of the heavy industrial and manufacturing sectors and state influence in the banking and financial sectors. In South Africa the ANC abandoned its partial socialist allegiances on taking power and followed a standard neo-liberal route. But from 2005 through to 2007 the country was wracked by many thousands of protests from poor communities. One of these gave rise to a mass movement of shack dwellers, [|Abahlali baseMjondolo] that, despite major police suppression, continues to advocate for popular people's planning and against the marketization of land and housing. www.wikipedia.com